John Houstoun and the 1778 Expedition to East Florida

At the time of the revolution, John Houstoun was one of four brothers from a prominent plantation owning family in Georgia.   Unlike Patrick and George, younger brothers John and James were both patriots from the late 1760s when they were educated in Charleston, South Carolina’s highly charged political atmosphere.  On his return to Georgia, John opened a law office in Savannah and started a close friendship with Dr. Noble Jones, a man of strong anti-British sentiment.  John prospered with a fine reputation as an attorney while building a plantation about 8 miles southeast of Savannah at White Bluff at the same time.  His clients included men such as Button Gwinnett, Edward Telfair, and Joseph Jones.[1]

In early July 1775, John Houstoun was one of five delegates selected to represent Georgia in the 2nd Continental Congress.  Among the last to arrive in Philadelphia, Houstoun made quite an impression on John Adams who called him, “a young gentleman by profession a lawyer, educated under a gentleman of eminence in South Carolina, he seems to be sensible and spirited, but rather inexperienced.”[2]

Houstoun’s spirited but inexperienced nature showed itself almost immediately as he jumped into an argument between Samuel Chase and fellow Georgian, Rev. John Joachim Zubly.  Houstoun spoke in a loud and heated manner that indicated willingness to do Chase immediate physical violence.  History doesn’t seem to clarify all the reasons but it appears that young Houstoun’s ‘spirited’ nature got him sent back to Savannah early in 1776 before having an opportunity to participate in the debate or sign the Declaration of Independence.

Though selected as a return delegate, Houstoun remained in Georgia as a member of the Committee of Safety and, once Archibald Bulloch was elected the state’s first President, he served on the executive council.  During its first two years, Georgia was a particularly unstable and crisis filled environment.  Loyalist raiders under Thomas Browne and Daniel M’Girth constantly plagued the state and, to make matters worse, a political dispute within the Whigs broke out between Gwinnett’s radicals and established conservatives.  In early 1777, President Bulloch died suddenly under suspicious circumstances some suggested as poisoning.  Button Gwinnett succeeded him but also died after being shot in a duel with Lachlan M’Intosh only three months later.  Gwinnett was replaced by Governor John Adam Treutlen (Governor instead of President in accordance with the colony’s new constitution) but he also died suddenly under circumstances considered suspicious, this time after only 9 months in office.  During all the upheaval, Georgia had launched two comically inept and completely unsuccessful expeditions against East Florida in an attempt to curtail continued raids and harassment from the British.   Charles Lee considered the Georgia politicians so amateurish that he “should not be surpris’d if they were to propose mounting a body of mermaids upon alligators.”[3]

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Unhappy following the death of Treutlen the Assembly elected John Houstoun to succeed him as the new governor.  Houstoun led them into passing a series of Acts attainting the Tories with high Treason and confiscating their estates.  One act named almost 120 wealthy and powerful people including Sir James Wright, Thomas Brown, Rev Zubly, and the M’Girth brothers.[4]  The Act was passed on March 1, 1778 and, probably not coincidentally, a fire broke out in Savannah a few days later burning much of the town.  Citizens and soldiers worked together furiously to bring the fire under control but much of the town burned before their “surprising efforts and undaunted conduct” stopped the flames before they took the Court House.[5]

At that point, anti-loyalist sentiment reached a near fever pitch in Georgia and the Governor’s Board met on April 7 to discuss actions to be taken.  A large group of Loyalists from Carolina known as ‘Scopholytes’ in honor of their leader, militia Colonel Joseph Scoffel moved through Georgia on the way to East Florida.[6]  The junction of these ‘Scopholytes’ with Thomas Brown and the British gave Houstoun “great reason to apprehend some dangerous attempt is mediated against this state.”  While also requesting assistance from South Carolina, the board proceeded to call up all the state militia and hold a draft to fill out its two battalions of Continentals.[7]   With the “present state of alarm daily increasing” the board met again only 9 days later and gave Governor Houstoun an unprecedented grant of executive power to be “lodged in a single person with respect to military matters” since he was “impressed with a Sense of the Calamitous Situation of this State.”[8]  The stage was set for yet another hysterical attempt by the new government of Georgia to invade East Florida.

The Expedition

On receiving the requests from Houstoun, American General Robert Howe gathered the Georgia Continental battalions from the frontier and sent for another from South Carolina under Colonel Pinckney.  They marched south across the Altamaha River at Reid’s Bluff with forward patrols to the Saltilla River.  Unfortunately, the invasion plan also required militia regiments from Georgia that would be commanded by Governor Houstoun and from South Carolina under General Andrew Williamson.  Houstoun and the militia were several weeks late leaving Howe to sit idle and watch his men get sick and use up supplies in the swamps of south Georgia.[9]

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When Houstoun finally arrived in late June with the militia he led them directly beyond St. Mary’s River to the British Fort Tonyn which was found abandoned.   Showing his inexperience in military matters, Houstoun pressed the militia forward another 12 miles to Alligator Creek where Colonel Brown and the Loyalists waited with a force estimated at 800 regulars and over 400 loyalists (including the Scopholites).  Not knowing what defensive works were in place, General James Screven of the Georgia militia sent Elijah Clarke and a mounted detachment in a flanking move designed to draw the enemy’s attention and thereby allowing a frontal assault by the main force.  Unfortunately, Clarke rode into a “well concerted Ambuscade by Major Prevost” who appeared ready to defend his positions.[10]  The British killed 1 man on the spot and wounded 7 others of whom 2 later died.  Colonel Clarke was among the wounded.

After the altercation at Alligator Creek, General Howe grew depressed and pessimistic.  Governor Houstoun refused to turn command of the militia over to the general and, to make matters of command even worse, Andrew Williamson arrived with his South Carolina militia force and also refused to relinquish command of his men.  The expedition now had more men than the British but Howe worried about how he could ever again “depend upon operations I have no right to guide, and men I have no right to command, I shall deem it then, as now I do, one of the most unfortunate accidents of my life.”[11]

The generals went into a stand-off that lasted for several days with Howe in command of the Continentals and  “Governor Houstoun declaring that he would not be commanded; Col. Williamson hinting that his men would not be satisfied to be under continental command; or indeed any other commander but his own; and Commodore Bowlan insisting that in the naval department, he is supreme; with this divided, this heterogeneous command, what can be done?”  In fact, Colonel Charles Cotesworth Pinckney lamented that, with the command difficulties and sickness breaking out among his men, “if we do not retreat soon, we shall not be able to retreat at all, and may crown this expedition with another Saratoga affair, in reverse.”[12]  Its hard to imagine how otherwise responsible men such as Houstoun, Williamson, and Howe allowed an argument over who gets to make command decisions stand in the way of success, but an expedition that everyone was previously confident in had turned into a shambles on a single skirmish and loss of less than half a dozen men.

General Howe gave up on the 11th and called his officers to a council of war.  He probably should have renamed the meeting a council on retreat since he obviously favored abandoning the expedition and put forth the officers’ options in such a way as to guarantee they would decide on retreat.  First, Howe had them declare the expedition’s major goal to be running the British out of Georgia and back to East Florida, which goal they “Resolved unanimously in the affirmative.”  He followed that with a conclusion that the British would now stay on their side of the St. John’s River.  Just how he could really guarantee such a thing without defeating the rather large force currently opposing his army is not clear but, once again, the matter was “Resolved unanimously.”  The officers went on to describe their force insufficient for attacking the British and unanimously resolved to retreat back to Savannah and their previous posts.   Howe even had them go so far as to vote on whether he could “with propriety, honour, and safety to himself, or consistent with the service relinquish command to the governor?”[13]

Faced with Howe’s decision to retreat, Governor Houstoun and General Williamson tried to plan a strike across the St. John’s River into East Florida “but this arrangement was fortunately abandoned, and their commands returned to Georgia and dispersed.”[14]  The 1778 summer expedition against East Florida had come to an inglorious end of internal squabbling between a young Governor with no concept of leaving tactical control to the military and a proud general refusing to acknowledge civilian control of his command.